Leslie J. Shapiro, MSW, LICSW, received her Master of Social Work degree in 1989 from Boston University and has been an instructor of cognitive and behavioral treatment at Boston University and a lecturer at Harvard Medical School. She was awarded a McLean Hospital career development grant, and her research and publications have focused on scrupulosity and pathological guilt among residential patients with OCD. Ms. Shapiro is the author of Understanding OCD: Skills to Control the Conscience and Outsmart Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Elements, History, Treatments, and Research, and When Religion and Morals Become OCD: Understanding and Treating Scrupulosity. She currently practices as a behavioral therapist at the McLean Hospital Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute in Belmont, MA, where she provides cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for people with refractory obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders in residential, partial, and outpatient programs. Ms. Shapiro also maintains a private practice working with individuals presenting primarily with OCD and anxiety problems.